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Concepts overview

Section briefly describes new concepts introduced by guicey and explains why it was done that way. For usage instruction and basic examples see getting-started section.

HK2

Many people ask why not just use HK2 instead of guice as it's already provided. Unfortunately, it's hard to use it in the same elegant way as we can use guice. HK2 context is launched too late (after dropwizard run phase) and, for example, it is impossible to use HK2 to instantiate dropwizard managed objects because managed must be registered before HK2 context starts.

Guicey use lazy factories for integration: it register providers for HK2 objects in guice context. Guice-managed objects (extensions) are simply registered as instances. So most of the time you don't have to know about HK2 at all.

There are additional features allowing you to delegate some extensions management completely to HK2, but it's intended to be used in very rare cases (edge cases!). In this case you may require to explicitly register hk2-guice bride so hk2 could see guice beans directly.

Danger

Since jersey 2.26 it is possible to get rid of HK2 completely. Next guicey version will ONLY use guice and all current HK2-related features will be removed.

Lifecycle

Dropwizard declares two phases:

  • initialization (App.initialize method) - when dropwizard app must be configured
  • run (App.run method) - when configuration is available and extensions could be registered in environment

Guicey follow dropwizard convention: it will configure everything (almost) on initialization phase and start injector on run phase.

Note

If we create injector in initialization phase then we will not have access to Configuration and Environment in guice modules, but configuration could be required, especially for 3rd party modules, which does not support lazy configuration.

The only exception for configuration under initialization phase is guice modules, which can be registered in run phase (simply because modules too often require configuration values for construction). As a consequence, extensions recognized from guice bindings are registered in run phase too.

This separation of initialization and run phases makes configuration more predictable (especially important when bundles depend on initialization order).

Guice module

In the main GuiceBundle guice modules registration appears under initialization phase (when neither Configuration nor Environment objects are available). If module require these objects and it's registration can't be moved to guicey bundle's run method, then use marker interfaces. For example, ConfigurationAwareModule will lead to configuration object set into module before injector creation.

Tip

If possible, use DropwizardAwareModule as base module class to avoid boilerplate 

public class SampleModule extends DropwizardAwareModule<Configuration> {

    @Override
    protected void configure() {
        configuration() // access configuration        
        environment() // access environment
        bootstrap()  // access dropwizard bootstrap
        configuratonTree() // configuration as tree of values
        confuguration(Class) // unique sub configuration
        configuration(String) // configuration value by yaml path
        configurations(Class) // sub configuration objects by type (including subtypes)
        options() // access guicey options
    }
}

Warning

Marker interfaces work only on modules, directly registered through guicey api.

Extensions

In raw dropwizard you register extensions like: 

public class App extends Application<Configuration> {

    ...

    @Override
    public void run(Configuration configuration, Environment environment) throws Exception {
        // resource registration
        environment.jersey().register(MyResource.class);
        // if extension requires configuration:
        environment.lifecycle().manage(new MyManaged(configuration.getSomething()));
    }    
}

Very easy, just need to remember where it should be registered.

If we want to use guice for extensions management, then all extensions must be obtained from guice injector, but it's a boilerplate.

Instead, guicey introduce Extension-Installer concept: you create extension (e.g. MyResource) and Installer knows how to install it. Guicey only need to know extension class.

If you use classpath scanning, then you don't need to do anything: guicey will recognize extensions and install them.

For example, ResourceInstaller will:

  1. recognize MyResource class as rest resource by @Path annotation
  2. gets instance from injector (injector.getInstance(MyResource.class)) and performs registration environment.jersey().register(guiceManagedInstance)

The same way, MangedInstaller recognize MyManaged as managed extension (by implemented interface) and installs guice managed instance (and so all other extensions).

Summary

With classpath scan you don't need to do anything to install extension and in manual mode you only need to specify extension classes.

Tip

Most installer implementations are very simple, so you can easily understand how it works (all core installers are declared in core installers bundle).

Guice bindings

Guicey also search extensions in registered guice modules. For example:

public class MyModule extends AbstarctModule {
    @Override
    protected void configure() {
        bind(MyResource.class);    
    }   
}       

GuiceBundle.builder()
    .modules(new MyModule())
    .build()

MyResource will be recognized as extension and installed.

Summary

So overall there are 3 possible sources for extensions:

In all cases extension is identifyed by it's class, but for extensions detected from guice bindings automatic untargetted binding is not performed.

Jersey extensions

It is important to note that jersey extensions (resources and other) are forced to be singletons (if explicit scope annotation is not set).

This force you to always use all request scoped objects through Provider. But, from the other side, this avoids a jvm garbage from creating them for each request and makes everything a bit faster (no extra DI work required for each request).

If you think that developer comfort worth more then small performance gain, then:

  • You can use explicit scope annotations to change singleton scope (@RequestScoped, @Prototype)
  • Switch off forced singletons (.option(InstallerOptions.ForceSingletonForJerseyExtensions, false))
  • Delegate some extensions or resources management to HK2 using @JerseyManaged
  • Use HK2 by default for jersey extensions

Warning

Guice AOP will not work on extensions managed by HK2

Custom extensions

Installers are not limited to dropwizard only features: you can use custom installers to write any 3rd party integration. The only condition is extension classes must have some unique identity (usually annotation).

For example, EagerSingletonInstaller simply binds extensions annotated with @EagerSingleton with bind(Ext.class).asEeagerSingleton(), so we can simply annotate class and make sure it would be registered in guice context without additional configurations (thanks to classpath scan).

Tip

Custom installers are also discovered and registered during classpath scan.

Another example is PluginInstaller which allows you to declare plugins (e.g. implementing some interface) and inject all of them at once (as Set<PluginInterface>).

Extensions project provides special installer to register events in guava eventBus: EventBusInstaller check class methods and if any method is annotated with @Subscribe - register extension as event bus listener.

Not existing, but possible extension for scheduled tasks: we can create @Schedule annotation and write installer to automatically register such classes in scheduler framework.

Summary

In essence, custom installers could help you avoid many boilerplate operations.

Warning

Each extension could be installed only by one installer. It will be the first installer which recognize the extension in class (according to installers order).

Core installers override

It is also possible to replace any core installer (e.g. to change it's behaviour) - you just need to disable core installer and install a replacement:

bootstrap.addBundle(GuiceBundle.builder()
                ...
                .disableInstaller(ManagedInstaller.class)
                .installers(MyCustomManagedInstaller.class)       
                .build());

Tip

You can disable all installers enabled by default with: 

.noDefaultInstallers()
In this case, you will have to register some installers manually (even if it would be just a few of guicey's own installers).

Bundles

Dropwizard use bundles for re-usable logic. Bundle support both dropwizard phases (initialization and run).

public interface ConfiguredBundle<T> {
    default void initialize(Bootstrap<?> bootstrap) {};    
    default void run(T configuration, Environment environment) throws Exception {};
}

The concept is great, but, in context of guice, dropwizard bundle did not allow us to register guice modules (and, of course, guicey installers and extensions). So there is no way to elegantly re-use dropwizard bundles mechanism.

Guicey introduce it's own bundles:

public interface GuiceyBundle {
    default void initialize(GuiceyBootstrap bootstrap) {}; 
    default void run(GuiceyEnvironment environment) throws Exception {};
}

As you can see guicey bundles are completely equivalent to dropwizard bundles and so it is very easy to switch from dropwizard bundles into guicey bundles.

GuiceyBootstrap provides almost all the same methods as main GuiceBundle, allowing you to register installers, extensions, modules and other bundles. Also, it provides access to dropwizard Bootstrap object

GuiceyEnvironment allows to register only guice modules (as all configuration should appear under initialization), but provide many shortcut methods for simplify manual registrations (or delayed manual logic). Provides access to dropwizard configuration, environment and introspected configuration tree.

Tip

Guicey bundles assume to be used together with dropwizard bundles (because there are already many ready-to use dropwizard bundles): 

GuiceyBootstrap.builder()
    .dropwizardBundles(..)

Bundles usage difference

In dropwizard bundles are helpful not just for extracting re-usable extensions, but for separation of application logic.

In guicey, you don't need to write registration code and with enabled classpath scan, don't need to configure much at all. This makes guicy bundles mostly usable for 3rd party integrations (or core modules extraction for large projects), where you can't (and should not) rely on class path scan and must declare all installers and extensions manually.

Many bundle examples could be found in extension modules.

Bundles lookup

Dropwizard force you to always register bundles manually, and this is good for clarity. But, sometimes, it is desirable to apply bundles under some condition. For example, you want custom installers to be registered when 3rd party integrations jar is available or you may want to enable some bundles under integration tests only.

Guicey provides such ability:

ServiceLookup based lookup is ideal for 3rd party integrations. For example, suppose you have scheduler framework integration which provides installers for custom annotation (@Job). All you need to do to apply extension is to put integration jar into classpath - installers will be implicitly registered.

Important

ServiceLookup requires you to prepare extra files so you prepare your bundle for using that way. It does not mean guicey loads all bundles in classpath!

Tip

ServiceLoader and property based lookups are always enabled, but you can switch them off if required with .disableBundleLookup() bundle option.

Disabling items

As you have seen in overriding installers example, you can disable installers. But actually you can disable almost anything: installers, extensions, guice modules, guicey bundles and even dropwizard bundles.

Mostly this is required for testing (to be able to exclude entire application parts and, maybe, replace with something else).

But, in some cases, you may want to change behaviour of 3rd party module: as an example above (with replaced installer), you can replace extension, guice module (registered by some bundle), or even prevent entire bundle (with transitive bundles) installation.

Suppose you have some 3rd party bundle:

public class XBundle implements GuiceyBundle {
    public void initialize(GuiceyBootstrap bootstrap) {
        bootstrap
            .extensions(...)
            .modules(new XModule(), new XAddonModule());
    }    
}

And, for some reason, you don't need XAddonModule guice module, then you can simply disable it:

bootstrap.addBundle(GuiceBundle.builder()
            .bundles(new XBundle())
            .disableModules(XAddonModule.class)
            .build())

Tip

You can even perform mass disables by predicate. For example, disable all installations (extensions, bundles etc) from package: 

.disable(Disables.inPackage("some.package.here"))

Warning

Disabling of guice modules also affect transitive modules! For example,

public class MyModule extends AbstractModule {
    @Override
    protected void configure() {
        // transitive
        install(new OtherMyModule());
    }
}

GuiceBundle.builder()
    .modules(new MyModule())
    .disableModules(OtherMyModule.class)
Will disable transitive module!

Warning

Only dropwizard bundles, registered through guicey api are visible! For such bundles, guicey will see all transitive bundles too and will be able to disable them:

public class MyDwBundle implements ConfiguredBundle {
    public void initialize(Bootstrap bootstrap) {
        // transitive bundle
        bootstrap.addBundle(new OtherMyDwBundle());
    }
}

GuiceBundle.builder()
        .dropwizardBundles(new MyDwBundle())
        .disableDropwziardBundle(OtherMyDwBundle.class)
Will prevent OtherMyDwBundle bundle installation.

De-duplication items

Guice modules, guicey bundles and dropwizard bundles are registered by instance. That means that multiple instances of the same type could be registered, for example:

.bundles(new MyBundle(), new MyBndle())

Sometimes it may be desirable, but sometimes not. For example, there may be some common bundle:

public class Feature1Bundle implements GuiceyBundle {
    public void initialize(GuiceyBootstrap bootstrap) {
        bootstrap.bundles(new CommonBundle()); 
        ...
    }    
}

public class Feature2Bundle implements GuiceyBundle {
    public void initialize(GuiceyBootstrap bootstrap) {
        bootstrap.bundles(new CommonBundle());  
        ...
    }    
}

And duplicate initialization of common bundle may lead to error.

In order to detect duplicate instances guicey rely on equals() method. So if two instances of the same type are equal then only one of them will be used and other considered duplicate.

So if ComonBundle implement equals everything will work as planned.

For completely unique bundles and modules there are pre-defined base classes UniqueGuiceyBundle and UniqueModule (UniqueDropwizardAwareModule) accordingly. (e.g. CommonBundle extends UniqueGuiceyBundle)

For cases when it is not possible to change bundle or module class, it could be declared as unique:

GuiceBundle.builder()
    .bundles(new Feature1Bundle(), new Feature2Bundle())
    .uniqueItems(ComonBundle.class)
    .build()

Guice modules limitation

Transitive guice modules are not counted! That means in case of de-duplication transitive modules are not visible.

Note that "common bundle" problem for dropwizard bundles may be solved by simply registering dropwizard bundles through guicey api.

Dropwizrd bundles

Only dropwizard bundles, registered through guciey api are visible. So if there would be one bundle registered directly in dropwizard and another with guicey api - guicey will not detect duplicate.

Options

Dropwizard configuration covers most configuration cases, except development specific cases. For example, some trigger may be useful during application testing and be useless on production (so no reason to put it in configuration). Other example is an ability of low level tuning for 3rd party bundles.

Options are developer configurations: either required only for development or triggers set during development and not intended to be changed later.

  • Options are declared with enum (each enum represents options group) with value type declaration to grant safety.
  • Option could be set only in main bundle (in your application class)
  • You can access options anywhere: guice module, guicey bundle, and in any guice service by injecting special service
  • Options report is included into diagnostic report so you can see all option values.

For example, guicey use two option groups: GuiceyOptions and InstallersOptions. GuiceyOptions used for storing main bundle configurations like packages to scan, injector stage, HK2 bridge usage etc. That means you have access to all these application configurations from anywhere in your code (for example, you can know if classpath scan is enabled or not in 3rd party bundle).

Another good example is InstallersOptions.JerseyExtensionsManagedByGuice which changes the way jersey extensions are handled: with guice or with HK2. This is developer time decision and must be selected by developer (because it affects behaviour a lot). Thanks to generic mechanism other bundles could know what was chosen.

HK2 usage is highly dependent on HK2-guice-bridge presence and with option we can verify it:

Preconditions.checkState(options.get(GuiceyOptions.UseHkBridge), 
                            "HK2 guice bridge is required!")

Options lookup

You can bind option to system property in order to introduce special "hidden" application flag:

GuiceBuilder.builder()
    ...
    .options(new OptionsMapper()
                    .prop("myprop", Myoptions.SomeOption)
                    .map())
    .build()

Now you can run application with -Dmyprop=value and this value will be mapped to option (accessible everywhere in the application).

Note

There are built-in basic value conversions from string, but in complex cases you can do manual conversion 

 .prop("myprop", Myoptions.SomeOption, val -> convertVal(val))

Note

You can map options from sys properties, environment variables or strings (obtained somewhere else). You can even allow mass binding to allow external definition of any option .props("prefix"). See options lookup doc.

Configuration hooks

Guicey provides special configuration hooks mechanism which may be used to change application configuration. It is useful for tests or to attach various diagnostic tools for compiled application.

For example, out of the box guicey provides DiagnosticHook, which activates diagnostic reporting (print* methods). It may be enabled even on compiled application with a system property: 

-Dguicey.hooks=diagnostic

The same way you can write your hooks and register them with shortcuts (GuiceBundle.builder().aliasHook("tool", ToolHook.class)).

You don't need to remember all this

All guicey features could be revealed from main bundle methods. So you don't need to remember everything - just look methods.

There is a special group of print[Something] methods, which are intended to help you understand internal state (and help with debugging).

As you have seen, real life configuration could be quite complex because you may have many extensions, observed with classpath scan, bundles, bundles installing other bundles, many gucie modules. Also, some bundles may disable extensions, installers, guice modules (and some modules could even override bindings).

During startup guicey tracks all performed configurations and you can even access this information at runtime using @Inject GuiceyConfigurationInfo info.

Out of the box, guicey could print all this into console, you just need to add:

bootstrap.addBundle(GuiceBundle.builder()
            .printDiagnosticInfo()
            .build())

And other logs giving you inside look on configuration.

Not mentioned

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